M.L. 2022 Projects

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

Species distribution models (SDMs) are data-driven maps identifying high-likelihood potentially suitable habitat for rare species. 109 SDMs were created for rare plant species. 17 are published and in use informing the environmental review process. All are improving field surveys, with 67 new rare species occurrences discovered through their use.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

The first step to conserving and protecting Minnesota’s rare species is knowing where they are. When rare species have not been surveyed, it is difficult for environmental review and conservation planners to assess the likelihood of a rare species or its habitat being present to best mitigate environmental impacts. Despite decades of surveys, our data documenting rare species’ occurrences are incomplete.

For that reason, we created a new tool to support the conservation and protection of rare plant species in Minnesota. Species distribution models (SDMs) are data-driven maps that identify high-likelihood potentially suitable habitat for a specific rare species. These maps are non-public data, but will become a standard tool for environmental review and have a wide variety of potential uses for conservation planning.

For this project:

• SDMs were completed for 109 rare plant species,
• 17 SDMs were published for internal use through the DNRs NHIS,
• All SDMs have an accompanying report with full details about its creation,
• 344 validation field surveys were completed for 23 species,
• 67 new rare species occurrences were discovered,
• A method for integrating numerous metrics related to quality was created, resulting in a confidence level assigned to each SDM, and
• A user manual detailing the SDM modelling and confidence assignment methods was created to support proper uses of SDMs in the DNR.

The published SDMs are already in use by DNR staff. For example, they are informing the environmental review process and improving the efficiency of field surveys for rare species. Thanks to this appropriation, the uses of SDMs in support conserving and protecting Minnesota’s rare species will continue to grow. This project launched an ongoing body of work to create and refine SDMs until this tool is available for as many rare species in Minnesota as possible.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

The results of species distribution models are considered non-public data. SDMs for 17 species have been published to DNRs Natural Heritage Information System. It is expected that 10 more will be finalized and made available per year. Each SDM has an individual species report detailing how it was created linked directly within the map product. A user manual detailing the SDM modelling and confidence assignment methods was created to support proper uses of SDMs in the DNR. And, a short educational workshop to introduce the SDM method and considerations for their use internally was presented.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

Surveys of the Whitewater River valley hold a 170-year record of river and floodplain evolution in response to Euro-American settlement, agriculture, and climate change. We combined disparate paper archives, computer files, and technical reports into an index of river-valley change to guide river management and restoration.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

The Whitewater River valley holds southeastern Minnesota's largest concentration of public lands. Two state parks, sprawling state forest, and a 27,400-acre wildlife management area canvas the river's mouth to the edges of its surrounding uplands. The reason for this uniquely extensive public access holds less romantic appeal: Euro-American settlers, unprepared for the climate and landscapes of the upper Midwest, induced deep and widespread erosion through plow-based agricultural intensification. These eroded sediments deposited across the Whitewater River channel and floodplain, forming 3–15-foot deposits that buried three towns and rendered farming impossible. The state purchased these lands and now is tasked with managing this changed environment in the public interest.

In 1939, 1964, and 1994, government agencies mapped the Whitewater valley through repeat surveys on approximately 94 established valley cross sections. These data show how the valley evolved over nearly a century, making them the likely key towards management and restoration efforts, both in the Whitewater valley and in similar landscapes across the state with similar histories of settlement and agricultural establishment. These data lay scattered among physical field notebooks, typed reports in library archives, and in a set of digital files generated through the largely volunteer efforts of recent NRCS professionals.

We obtained, compiled, geospatially registered, and rigorously error-checked these records. We found and integrated soil-probe measurements from the 1939 survey, where the original surveyors found the ca. 1855 floodplain-soil surface. We digitized airphotos from 1938 to 2021, and from these generated land-use and land-cover maps. These comprehensive data sets, in preparation for journal-article submission, uniquely record long-lived river evolution in response to environmental change. These will underpin future management of the Whitewater River and form a source data set that can be used to effectively plan restoration efforts across the state.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

We developed data sets in portable digital formats and have shared them with project partners and colleagues working in the Whitewater River valley. Linked with these, we built a story map that describes our work and findings for a public audience, including environmental change across the Whitewater valley and development of the data set from 1939 to present. From this work, we published 1 MS thesis, 1 journal article with 1 more in preparation, and two conference presentations. This LCCMR-funded research supported part of our work that was highlighted in Science magazine.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

This project leveraged federal partners to jointly investigate eastern spruce budworm in Minnesota. We characterized the insect’s natural enemies and weather patterns that foster moth dispersal, seeding new outbreaks. Understanding mortality and inciting factors of outbreaks will help manage budworm populations attacking balsam fir and white spruce in the future.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

The eastern spruce budworm is a native insect whose caterpillars feed on the needles of balsam fir and white spruce. Outbreaks in eastern North America commonly occur every 30-40 years, although Minnesota has had outbreaking populations annually since the 1950s. Repeated defoliation kills trees. Budworm management has historically focused on managing the trees. In this project, we focused on studying two aspects of budworm ecology: the natural enemies and dispersal. We collected more than 1,400 spruce budworm caterpillars and pupae and screened them for natural enemies. We found between 10% and 17% parasitism rates from 18 species of parasitoid wasps and flies reared from the immature budworms returned to the laboratory. All species had been previously noted elsewhere in North America and confirmed that natural enemies are prolific within Minnesota’s forests. To study dispersal, we deployed baited “autotraps” to collect moths during the eleven-week flight period in summer 2024. These traps lure budworm moths into a chamber where a camera records their time of arrival. We found that moth populations across the state rise and fall synchronously at scales of just over 200 miles. Dispersal of adult moths between forests likely seeds outbreaks by increasing mate-finding success, maintaining populations and providing a plausible explanation why Minnesota notes outbreaking populations annually. We integrated the moth capture data with atmospheric trajectory models (“Hysplit”) in which we found several temperature and precipitation signals associated with moth flight and dispersal. Understanding dispersal is key to knowing where early intervention strategies may or may not be appropriate; in some jurisdictions in eastern North America, treating emerging hotspots with biorational products can suppress populations. Understanding moth flight and mortality sources will continue to help understanding how outbreaks begin and continue in Minnesota’s spruce-fir forests.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

We gave presentations at local, regional, and national workshops and conferences, in person and online. This work trained two graduate students and six undergraduate students and technicians. Outreach presentations throughout the state were given to foresters, community groups, researchers, state and federal agency personnel and others over the three yeas. The PhD student is now submitting the dissertation chapters for consideration to scientific journals; these will be posted to the project page if/when accepted.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

This multifaceted project has greatly impacted the way our Natural Resource Managers within the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area view the impact and importance of beaver activity on floodplain forest regeneration. Through extensive research we can use learned Best Management Practices to protect and enhance the Mississippi River's resources.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

Beaver populations and lodge locations were successfully documented 2021-2024 along the 72 mile stretch of the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area to understand relative population densities. An initial corridor-wide survey was done during 2021. Annual beaver lodge and cache surveys were completed via foot, watercraft, and/or fixed-wing aircraft. Each active beaver lodge was identified and mapped using real-time GIS software. This data resulted in the Beaver Monitoring Plan for the Mississippi National River and Recreational Area, National Park Service Unit. Surprisingly, this did not show any evidence that beaver were negatively impacting cottonwood or having a significant role in limiting recruitment of young trees or growth of mature trees.

The lack of cottonwood seedlings across all plots is a particularly notable finding. While this study provides no direct evidence that beaver are limiting cottonwood regeneration, this absence does not rule out their potential role.

Implications for Natural Resource Managers:
Based on the information collected in the annual beaver lodge and cache surveys, we successfully developed a beaver population and habitat monitoring plan including methods to map areas where beaver are improving habitat and areas where beaver are negatively impacting regeneration of important tree species. We will plant or protect cottonwood seedlings in suitable microsites while monitoring beaver populations and their impacts on regeneration patterns. Additionally integrating beaver-induced disturbances into long-term forest management and restoration strategies to support biodiversity.

Adaptive Silviculture for Climate Change:
Cumulatively, monitoring was successful done for 1,200 saplings planted in 18 1/10th acre plots in Saint Paul in 2020. This effort quantified differences in growth, survival, physiology (how saplings respond to shade), and phenology (timing of plant development) of eighteen different native tree species across four different treatments - resistance, resilience, transition, and control (no-treatment). Results are detailed in the Master's thesis (attached).

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

Masters thesis (see attached)

An abstract (attached) to present the "Twin Cities Beaver Project: population and distribution in the Mississippi National River and Recreational Area" has been accepted by the 10th International Beaver Symposium.

Presentations about this work were given at the Midwest Fish and Wildlife Conference in January 2024.

Ten tours for almost 100 people and 13 webinars or presentations were given to over 650 people about the ASCC plots.

Presentation at the 2023 Great Lakes Science for National Parks Symposium.

Windmuller-Campione, M.A. (2023). Adaptative Silviculture at Crosby Farms. Field Tour and Presentation for National Park Service

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

With LCCMR support, MNPRO has united teams of multidisciplinary scientific researchers that have advanced methods for environmental prion detection and revealed new insights into prion persistence, transport and degradation. The discoveries from this project lay an important foundation that ensures continued progress in understanding and mitigating CWD transmission.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is a contagious,100% fatal neurological disease affecting deer. Infected deer shed CWD-causing prions into the environment throughout infection and even after death. Interactions between prions and soil are complex, necessitating better tools and methods to understand how the interactions influence the potential risk for CWD transmission to deer. The Minnesota Center for Prion Research and Outreach (MNPRO) advanced environmental research of CWD prion persistence, degradation, and remediation in Minnesota through three primary project objectives: 1) optimization of prion detection in soils; 2) spatial modeling of CWD in association with Minnesota’s diverse environmental characteristics; and 3) formation of a scientific consortium to advance environmental CWD research. Key outcomes included the validation and optimization of RT-QuIC for detection of prions in Minnesota soils, including identification of factors contributing to false positivity and development of a framework for validating RT-QuIC across other soil types. Additionally, MNPRO developed a targeted mass spectrometry assay to confirm prion detections by RT-QuIC, showing promise for use with soil as well. Spatial modeling revealed new insights between specific soil components (e.g., organic matter) and water flow characteristics with CWD detection in deer. This project resulted in three new scientific publications, 30 conference presentations, publicly available datasets, several new grant proposals, and enhanced public outreach materials on environmental prions. The establishment of multidisciplinary scientist teams has fostered novel lines of research into environmental prion control, ensuring continued progress in understanding and mitigating CWD transmission.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

This project resulted in three new scientific publications, with four additional draft manuscripts at various stages of submission. MNPRO’s students and scientific teams contributed 30 conference presentations at local, regional and national levels. Translating the science behind the environmental dimension of prions and how new knowledge gleaned from this project can be leveraged for CWD mitigation has been a top priority. As such, MNPRO has enhanced public outreach materials with key information on environmental prions. Scientific products also included new datasets made publicly available and several grant proposals intended to advance environmental prion research toward new insights and discoveries.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

This project delivered a science-based, locally informed framework and GIS tools to identify and prioritize water storage sites. Two pilot watersheds were used to develop storage strategies with these tools which continue to be refined and prepared for broader deployment to strengthen watershed planning and accelerate multi-benefit water storage statewide.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

This project successfully delivered a science-based, systematic framework for identifying, prioritizing, and evaluating multi-benefit water storage opportunities across Minnesota’s watersheds. The framework was developed using existing data, advanced GIS tools, hydrologic modeling, and extensive engagement with conservation and water management professionals. It provides a repeatable, scalable process that local partners can use to develop watershed-specific water storage strategies to improve water quality, reduce flooding, enhance habitat, and build climate resiliency.

Work focused on two demonstration watersheds—the Buffalo-Red and Yellow Medicine—where complete water storage opportunity datasets were developed, reviewed, and refined through a series of facilitated meetings. Local practitioners contributed site-specific information that improved prioritization and narrowed thousands of potential storage sites to hundred of priority candidates. Each watershed now has draft water storage data that includes a prioritized list of project opportunities grounded in hydrologic modeling and local knowledge.

The project also produced a suite of GIS tools capable of: (1) identifying candidate storage sites, (2) generating site attributes to support prioritization, and (3) evaluating the hydrologic effects of implementing different storage scenarios. A user manual, technical documentation, meeting materials, agendas, and presentation templates accompany the tools, enabling other watershed groups to apply the framework.

Although the third demonstration watershed (Cedar) was not fully completed during the project period, the hydrologically conditioned DEM and finalized GIS tools are now being used to generate its storage dataset. These tools are currently being refined for release on BWSR’s PTMApp website pending MnGeo/MNIT review.

BWSR staff are now learning to use and apply this framework to identify water storage opportunities in additional watersheds and are preparing statewide communication and dissemination efforts. The project’s results position land and water managers to more strategically identify and invest in multi-benefit water storage projects across the state to meet watershed plan goals.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

Project results have been disseminated increase awareness and support use by watershed partners and resource managers. GIS tools, user guides, data and attribute catalogs, and a package of model watershed meeting agendas and slideshows were developed for sharing with BWSR staff for ongoing use and refinement. Results were presented internally within BWSR, at two recent conferences and will be shared at the 2026 Minnesota Watersheds Conference. Several watershed groups have expressed interest in applying the framework during updates to their comprehensive watershed plans. The tools, user manual, and project information will be added to the BWSR website pending internal review.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

This project produced the most comprehensive dataset to date on winter conditions in Minnesota lakes, linking temperature, oxygen, and food availability to game fish health. Results reveal strong year-to-year and lake-to-lake variability in winter ecology, providing key insights into how changing winters may affect Minnesota’s fish populations.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

This project addressed a major knowledge gap on winter conditions in Minnesota lakes and their effects on fish habitat and food webs. We conducted year-round sampling on four study lakes: Portage Lake (sentinel lake), Carrie (sentinel lake), Madison Lake (sentinel lake), and Pike Lake (non-sentinel lake). These lakes represent different regions, morphologies, and productivity levels, allowing us to evaluate how winter conditions vary across Minnesota.

We collected physical, chemical, and biological data across seasons, including under-ice temperature, oxygen, nutrients, phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, and fish. Fish were analyzed for body and reproductive condition, diets, and stable isotopes to assess energy flow through winter.

The resulting dataset is the most comprehensive record of winter conditions in Minnesota lakes, spanning under-ice physics to fish feeding ecology. Findings show that winter processes strongly shape lake food webs and game fish habitat. We documented the first recorded case of a zooplankton “winterkill,” linking oxygen depletion under thick ice and snow to collapse of key prey species. Seasonal patterns also revealed that zooplankton and benthic invertebrates peak at different times of year, meaning that prey availability for fish can shift dramatically among lakes and winters. Game fish diets varied widely across lakes and years, demonstrating that both species traits and winter habitat conditions influence feeding under ice.

These results matter for fisheries and water-resource management because winter habitat is changing rapidly as ice cover declines and snowpack becomes more variable. The dataset provides a baseline for evaluating winter sensitivity of Minnesota’s game fish and their prey, improves predictions of winterkill risk, and helps identify when and where winter habitat bottlenecks occur. Next steps include working with DNR partners to integrate winter metrics into lake assessments and to identify lakes most vulnerable to changing winter conditions.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

Results were shared through 12 conference and workshop presentations, including multiple DNR-hosted events. One peer-reviewed paper from the project has been accepted in Ecology (uploaded as Benedict.etal.2025Accepted), and the underlying dataset has been made publicly available. Public outreach included exhibits at Freshwater Discovery Days and the “Black Box of Winter” installation at the Art Shanty Projects, which engaged hundreds of Minnesotans in under-ice ecology. Three students (undergraduate, M.S., Ph.D.) were trained through the project. A workshop with DNR staff is planned to discuss management implications and how to incorporate winter metrics into fisheries and lake-assessment efforts.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

An effective alternative landfill leachate PFAS treatment method was developed for the landfill using reverse osmosis. Testing of the hybrid engineered wetland treatment system provided novel data for the scientific community, industry, and regulators. Landfills throughout Minnesota can apply the findings from this project to design advanced leachate treatment systems.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

Landfill leachate poses environmental risks to water resources because of its high pollutant load and must be treated before disposal. Alternative treatment methods are increasingly necessary due to recent PFAS concerns, and the St. Louis County Regional Landfill needed to evaluate alternative leachate PFAS treatment options. Significant progress was made towards accomplishing the overall outcome of designing and developing an effective alternative leachate treatment method. An on-site demonstration-scale hybrid engineered wetland treatment system (EWTS) was designed, constructed, planted, and initiated in 2022. The EWTS was evaluated for a second growing season in 2023. Leachate chemical characterization, and volume and flow rate calculations were completed. Additional EWTS outflow treatment steps (advanced oxidation, filtration, activated carbon, ion exchange) were designed, constructed, and implemented. Evaluation of two growing seasons of the onsite hybrid EWTS were completed. The hybrid EWTS effectively removed PFAS and other contaminants from the leachate. However, the system was not considered feasible to implement at full scale at the Regional Landfill, primarily because of the energy requirements of the oxidation treatment step. Additional redesign and testing would be necessary before scale up of the hybrid EWTS.

The County added a Vibratory Shear Enhanced Processing (VSEP) reverse osmosis unit to the leachate treatment system in 2023. Three months of VSEP testing were completed and significant data was collected to validate VSEP treatment as an alternative option to the EWTS. Data collected has been used to develop full-scale system design parameters and estimate capital and operational costs.

All activities have been completed and additional dissemination efforts including open forums and scientific journal publication may be pursued. Information collected from the hybrid EWTS and reverse osmosis studies can be used to inform landfill and waste treatment managers of alternative leachate treatment systems that could be implemented at their facilities to address PFAS treatment.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

Project results have been used to develop full-scale system design parameters and estimate capital and operational costs. Results from the project can be extended to landfills throughout Minnesota.

Dissemination efforts include the following: college student tours (four tours), two project summary reports (2022 and 2023), and four open forums (2024 Battelle Chlorinated Conference, 2024 Arrowhead Region Environmental Conference, 2024 MRWA Water & Wastewater Technical Conference, 2025 SWANA Solid Waste Operators Conference).

Additional open forums and scientific journal publication may be pursued

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

The project reached 57 teachers across 6 districts who have collectively impacted over 6700 students. Our research suggested teachers feel more confident, comfortable and capable of using nature for multidisciplinary, standards-aligned lessons outdoors. They are connecting their students to nature and increasing classroom engagement as well as seeing behavioral improvements.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

Most young people spend 1000+ hours annually in schools, a clear opportunity to develop students' stewardship orientation through preparation of teachers to engage in nature-based approaches that support conservation mindsets. We developed a retreat series that addresses most of the gaps in existing teacher professional development that meets this need.

Our goals included creating effective, standards-aligned supports for teachers to use nature as a context for helping their students reach academic goals, develop conservation ethics and stewardship and foster a sense of place. We conducted focus groups and learned that most of our participants feel connected to nature and feel confident in using nature as a context in which to teach their already-existing curriculum, leading to more engaged students overall. Teachers were able to apply the activities and lessons practiced during retreats to their own settings, be they urban, suburban, or rural schools.

We worked with 57 teachers from 6 different school districts. 4 congressional districts. Schools served are in MN Senate districts 43, 03, 66, 56, 65; and House districts 43B, 03B, 66A, 56A, and 65B. Using the multiplier effect, where each teacher can be assumed to reach 25 students per year, it is safe to assume these teachers will reach approximately 6750 students over a 5 year period.

At least 8 of the teachers who participated in the retreats over the project's duration have gone on to have a greater impact such as through developing professional learning communities at their own schools, presenting at conferences, etc. Teachers continue to report improved social emotional outcomes for their students. The project continues to inform our next phase where we will begin training teacher-leaders who will have a more structured mentorship role, enabling the work to reach more students and increase MN students' conservation ethics and pro-environment behaviors.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

The team delivered poster presentations and sessions at two conferences, a course was developed at Hamline University on nature-based education, and we have included several photos for your pleasure. We also received media coverage which has been shared widely. You will also see the webpage dedicated to Hamline's certificate on Nature-based education, which was launched as a result of this project and which has already served 30 additional teachers who have enrolled in the course or certificate. Demand remains high: we currently have a waitlist of over 230 teachers who wish to participate in retreats or workshops.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

Working collaboratively from September 2022 - June 2025, Minnesota's five accredited environmental learning centers (Deep Portage, Eagle Bluff, Long Lake, Osprey Wilds, & Wolf Ridge) educated over 23,000 K-12 learners through 414 school visits, providing over 360,000 instruction hours and over 1,000,000 onsite hours at our campuses!

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

Children today are increasingly deprived of time in nature (less than 10 minutes daily), resulting in a lack of awareness, understanding, and contact with the environment. To meet the urgent need of getting kids more time outside and in nature, Minnesota's five accredited environmental learning centers (ELCs) provided needs-based, life-changing environmental learning experiences from Sep. 2022 - June 2025 to 23,061 K-12 learners through 414 school visits. Through our needs-based scholarships, the average attending K-12 student received over 12 hours in outdoor, nature-based classes, and 48 hours onsite in natural environments at the environmental learning centers' campuses. Students’ curiosity was sparked through hands-on, sensory-rich activities. Overall, the ELCs delivered over 360,000 instruction hours and over 1,000,000 onsite hours at our campuses.

After students' experiences at the environmental learning centers, 50% of students reported a deeper appreciation of nature. Students began noticing natural systems they had previously overlooked, and immersive outdoor experiences made students care about the outdoors in a new way. Students who were typically disengaged in class showed excitement and calm when outside; teachers frequently commented on how even hesitant or disconnected students became engaged once outdoors.

Teachers consistently reported that time at Minnesota's ELCs shifted students’ relationship with the environment from passive observation to active engagement and that instructors helped students notice and understand their surroundings more deeply, from observing wildlife behaviors to connecting class concepts with real-world examples. Instructors were praised for prompting reflection and relating lessons to students’ daily lives, helping them see how human choices impact nature. Schools noted that students returned home eager to share what they learned and to explore nature more on their own. Teachers reported students expressing a desire to “take care of nature" after their experience.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

Throughout the project, the participating environmental learning centers promoted the project on their websites, through digital and print newsletters, individualized emails to teachers and school administrators, social media accounts, annual reports, and at in-person educator conferences. Please see the attachments in Tab 7 from each center. In addition, a video made highlighting the effect of the Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund was made in conjunction with the Science Museum of MN (see media link in Tab 7).

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

The DNR's Bird by Bird program introduced over 400 students at three Twin Cities elementary schools to the exciting world of birdwatching. Fifty young adults in the BOLD program developed leadership skills and explored bird conservation careers. Over 600 community members were reached through bird-themed events and public programs.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

Repeated exposure to nature during childhood can have enduring positive effects on well-being, academic achievement, environmental stewardship, and career choice as adults. Unfortunately, many people do not have opportunities to connect with nature, and the demographics of Minnesotans enjoying the outdoors and choosing natural resources careers do not reflect the racial and ethnic diversity in our communities.

The DNR Nongame Wildlife Program crafted Bird by Bird, a youth program integrating environmental education and outdoor leadership training, focusing on birds, bird conservation, and the engagement of underrepresented demographics. Three activities were planned: bird watching in schools, young adult outdoor leadership development, and community bird walks.

A total of 413 students in grades three-six, plus eight teachers, at three metro area schools underserved in environmental education participated in Bird by Bird. During multiple classroom visits from conservation educators and volunteers, students learned about bird ecology, engaged in birdwatching, and attended a field trip to a nature center. A total of thirteen volunteers supported this effort and a bilingual English-Spanish pocket field guide was produced for use with the program.

A total of fifty young adults, recruited via two organizations serving underrepresented communities, participated in BOLD (Birding and Outdoor Leadership Development). A total of twenty-one activities were delivered, providing immersive exposure to wildlife professions and the outdoors. Participants received mentorship, training in bird field skills, and experience co-leading community events. This equated to 830.75 hours of youth time invested in bird and conservation learning. About 30 percent of these youth received stipends, enabling their participation in the program.

Twelve community engagement efforts were implemented, cumulatively reaching over 600 people. These included bird walks led by Bird by Bird volunteers and/or co-led by BOLD participants, presentations to organizations, support for Citywide Park Clean Up, and youth activities at Twin Cities Bird Festival.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

Through the past three years, Bird by Bird and BOLD were promoted and shared periodically through the Nongame Wildlife Program's communication channels, including our Facebook page and e-newsletter. Presentations on the program were also given to numerous organizations, including the Minnesota Ornithologist's Union, DNR's Parks and Trails Division, Minnesota State University's Social Justice Speaker Series, and an internal agency-wide DNR webinar on equity and inclusion. Participation in future years of the program was also promoted directly to teachers at St. Paul and Minneapolis Public schools, as well as on the Nongame Wildlife Program's Facebook Page.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

More than 3,000 Minnesotans learned about stream food webs, live insects, and environmental research at Bugs Below Zero events. Our team launched a community science program and developed digital resources to engage K–16 classrooms and adults in fieldwork, linking winter active aquatic insects, trout, weather, and environmental stewardship.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

This project strengthened public understanding of aquatic ecosystems and the important role of winter active insects in Minnesota’s trout streams. Bugs Below Zero engaged more than 3,000 K12 classrooms, teachers, and adults in interactive presentations with live insects and scientific experts at our in-person events, hosted with partners at the Bell Museum, Belwin Conservancy, and Minnesota Valley Wildlife Refuge. These events ranged from our “Insects and their Habitats” field day that brought 47 students and two teachers from Battle Creek Elementary to Afton, Minnesota to collect insects, examine leaf packs, measure water velocity and turbidity, and discuss winter insect adaptations to our “Candlelight Night” at the Bloomington Visitor Center, in which more than 350 kids, parents, and adults learned about stream ecology at interactive stations equipped with live insects, microscopes, and environmental science experts. Teachers praised the events for their engaging content and expert access.

To expand reach and access, the team developed a wide range of digital resources—including videos, virtual events, lesson plans, and podcasts —available at BugsBelowZero.com, which has drawn over 4,700 unique visitors.

The project team also created a new community science program enabling volunteers collect and share key field data about winter active insects, stream conditions, weather, and other ecological observations. Hosted on an open web platform, the program provided a new outdoor learning experience and chance to get involved in fieldwork in the winter, a time when experiential learning opportunities are limited. Data was submitted from volunteers across different areas of Minnesota, including from Lake, Clearwater, Hubbard, Washington, Lyon, St. Louis, Fillmore, and Olmsted counties. Participants reported increased appreciation for aquatic insects, deeper ecological knowledge, and stronger environmental stewardship. One participant wrote, “I am fascinated and curious about aquatic ecology… excited to contribute and gain new skills, experiences, and contacts."

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

Throughout this project, we have shared content via our partner listservs and events, including those hosted by University of Minnesota, Southwest Minnesota State University, Bell Museum, Belwin Nature Conservancy, Minnesota Valley Wildlife Refuge, and Minnesota SeaGrant. We mailed packets of materials to Minnesota teachers and presented insights about this program at academic conferences and in academic journals. Minnesota news media - including KARE-11, Duluth News Tribune, and Minnesota Conservation Volunteer - have produced stories about this project. The Bugs Below Zero web page continues to share videos, podcasts, presentations, webinar recordings, images, lesson plans, classroom activities, and other educational materials.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

Since the start of this grant, 585 students across 31 YES Teams completed 96 eco-action projects, reaching over 20,390 community members. Students collaborated with 135 experts and participated in 51 statewide workshops addressing water conservation, invasive species, habitat restoration, waste reduction, and other key natural resource issues.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

Minnesota’s environment faces urgent challenges, including flooding, drought, soil erosion, and increasing invasive species, while the state’s climate is rapidly changing. These pressures create a critical opportunity for youth to take meaningful environmental action.

The project “YES! Students Take Action to Complete Eco Projects” addressed this need by empowering youth to connect with natural resource experts, identify local ecological challenges, and lead solutions. The project aimed to engage 300 students across 50 communities and complete at least 80 environmental projects.

Since the start of the grant, 585 students across 31 YES Teams exceeded these goals, completing 96 eco-action projects addressing water conservation, invasive species removal, habitat restoration, waste reduction, soil health, climate action, energy efficiency, and environmental education. Students led 84 educational events, reaching over 20,390 community members, contributed 3,028 volunteer hours, and strengthened community stewardship through partnerships.

Support from 135 natural resource and green-career experts and participation in 51 statewide workshops enhanced student learning. Professionals from the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Friends of the Boundary Waters, Clean Energy Resource Teams, Pheasants Forever, and Waankam: People of the Estuary provided guidance, while regional workshops and the Fall Summit developed teamwork, leadership, and problem-solving skills.

Some student achievements included recycling 1,916 pounds of holiday lights, removing 112 pounds of trash, collecting 115 pounds of plastic bags, creating 22.5 square feet of pollinator habitat, maintaining prairie sites, and leading water-quality education.

As one student reflected, “If they know there is something like the YES club, it gives them the outlet to make a positive impact.” YES demonstrates that with mentorship, resources, and community support, Minnesota youth can protect and restore their communities, inspiring a sustainable future where both people and the environment thrive.

All project goals and milestones were met.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

Effective communication of YES Teams' achievements is a top priority. We keep YES Coaches connected through Bi-Weekly updates to foster community and mutual support. Our monthly e-newsletter highlights team accomplishments, events, website updates, and new blog posts. Social media plays a vital role in quickly sharing success stories, strengthening our online presence. Additionally, we publish the annual YES Team Accomplishments Brochure, celebrating the project's highlights. YES is also actively engaged in key events like the MN State Fair, MEA, MnSTA and Earth Day at Prairie Woods. We work closely with media and highlight ENRTF as our main supporter.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

We developed a set of toolkits and knowledge towards inventing the uses of fungal species as a lost-cost filtering system for remediating per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Combining Catalytic Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis (CMAP) to mineralize organic fluorine, we attempted to build a treatment-train method for PFAS deconstruction from impacted environments.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

Large-scale manufacturing and disposal of fluorinated chemicals have led to global pollution by per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) that will require novel remediation techniques and investigation for their environmental fates. This project investigated the fugal roles in responding to and transforming these persistent fluorocarbons in the purpose of developing a low-cost bioremedial method of PFAS chemicals. To do this, we built a set of cheap, in-house tools to facilitate the chemical analysis of PFAS and related degradation products, which filled the tool gaps required for studying fungal PFAS degradation. With this, we screened the defluorination capacities of a large number of fungal species, which revealed a unique class of fungi that cause “white-rot” type of wood decay has developed an inherent defense mechanism for fluoride and fluorocarbon chemicals, and identified a dehalogenated PFCA structure that provokes C-F cleavage. RNA-seqs were then conducted to further understand the fundamental mechanisms used by fungi to respond and degrade PFAS chemicals. In addition to screening the fungal capacities of degrading PFAS, we have also optimized the PFAS-sequestering abilities of a mycelium-wood filtering system, using long-carbon legacy compound PFOA and short-carbon chain PFAS crotonic PFCA as the representatives. Our research found the 50-80% removal rates of the test PFASs at the level of 1 µM (ppm) by the fungal filtration in sorption tube tests. Using CMAP for pyrolysis of the sequestered PFOA in mycelium/wood absorbent resulted in the deconstruction of 87% and 99% PFAS in bio-oil at temperatures of 400°C and 500°C, respectively. Overall, our research set off a foundation for testing the field uses of fungal-filtering system for PFAS remediation in the impacted landfill, water, and navy site and other environments.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

Discovering fungal removal of PFAS is novel to the research field, which will not only benefit us in understanding the fungal roles in recycling fluorinated carbons in nature, but it will also allow the development of alternative PFAS remediation techniques. This project generates 4 publications to disseminate these research findings, with 2 are currently under review and 2 are in preparation. The project team also reached out to industry partners, K-12, and governmental stakeholders, and gave five professional presentations to make the research publically accessible. While disseminating the results, we've seriously acknowledged the relevant financial support of the trust funds.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

We proudly announce completion of the Mustinka River Rehabilitation. This project created a new low-flow meandered channel, over 5.5 sections of land, that provides permanent, continuous, prairie and wetland habitats. The project also features a new series of smaller wetlands, protected within a grassed two-staged channel.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

The new 300-foot wide, 260-acre floodplain corridor was constructed in the footprint of the historic Mustinka River. With the help of this fund, we built a two-stage channel that consists of a low-flow meandering channel within a larger floodplain corridor. The channel is designed to maximize long-term stability to prevent degradation, aggradation and migration. The channel has been planted with native seed mixes to establish vegetation. Outer bends have been stabilized with natural toe wood and vegetated reinforced slope stabilization measures to prevent channel migration. Pools and rock hammerheads have been placed to mimic natural stream habitat and promote fish migration. Thirty-four acres of wetlands were created adjacent to the low flow channel. The project site features native riparian and upland habitat. This project is a phenomenal addition to the habitat opportunities already located in western Minnesota, and we expect visitors will utilize this facility in concert with the nearby North Ottawa Impoundment to view, document, and photograph our local wildlife and migratory populations.

This project is the result of collaboration from a wide variety of stakeholders - with support from area landowners, local/state/federal permitting organizations, and funding organizations (including funds awarded through the Clean Water Fund and Legacy Amendment). We are excited to see birds, fish and other wildlife, along with our Minnesotan citizens, utilize this landmark facility!

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

This project is prominently and permanently featured on the www.bdswd.com website, and is afforded the same prominent and permanent recognition in our District's annual reporting. We expect that bird watching groups will setup customized facility inventories, similar to what has been done on behalf of the North Ottawa Impoundment. This project is strongly supported - administratively and financially - by the Red River Watershed Management Board, who coordinates large scale projects for the regional benefit of the Red River of the North watershed. This project is featured prominently in their literature and conferences.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

This project has transformed 4.3 acres of turf into a vibrant savanna habitat with grasses, wildflowers, and oaks, similar to how it may have looked 200 years ago. The space will serve both park visitors and wildlife like bees, butterflies, birds, bats, and mammals like the river otter.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

The MPRB has successfully installed 4.3 acres of savanna plantings at Bohemian Flats Park and is currently in the second year of three of the establishment phase. Several large construction projects had left this Mississippi Riverside site in poor shape. Soils were compacted and contained solid debris. Minnesota has lost most of its natural habitats, with less than 1% of historic prairie and savanna remaining. These areas are crucial to supporting pollinators, birds, and other wildlife. This project is an important investment in returning a lost landscape to our river’s edge.

Establishment of the savanna proceeding. The oak trees planted within the site have thrived, with few replacement trees needed. Perennial plant plugs have also been installed and are doing well. The trees and native plant plugs are spread in a patchwork across the site in patterns meant to mimic the old housing and street layouts from when this area was an immigrant community. As the site establishes, these patterns will hopefully become more apparent. The site is mowed about three times a year or when plants reach about 12 inches tall. This helps to prevent weeds from growing to maturity, when they would produce seeds. The MPRB will continue to conduct maintenance and establishment activities on the site through a contractor for the next full growing season and each season thereafter with its own Environmental Management staff.

This project is creating a space for urban inhabitants to experience a rare type of natural environment, and will also provide habitat for numerous river species, including mammals, birds, and insects and other pollinators. The Mississippi Flyway is a critical state resource. Every habitat enhancement along this migratory corridor enhances the entire corridor by providing way stations that lead to migratory success.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

The MPRB has hosted a project webpage for the duration of the project which serves as the home base for project information, MPRB contact information, and funding sources. Site signage includes funding sources as well as separate signs that encourage people to stay out of the planting area while it establishes and provides a QR code that points people to the project webpage.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

With the additions to the Mountain Iron - Buhl School Forest, students and the community now have broader access to the forest. Gated and clearly marked usage will allow for safer hiking. New trails and bridge have opened up more trail access. The pavilion will be a great meeting place!

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

The Mountain Iron - Buhl School Forest has been around since the early 1980s. In that time, the only real care has been to maintain the trail system. Educational opportunities were limited. Only recently were the trails even mowed. This grant provided a major improvement to getting students and educators into the outdoors. One challenge was making it clear that our school forest is a hiking only site. Our new gates are welcoming, yet clearly make this distinction. When the school district built a new high school, part of the trail system was lost. We now have access to most of that trail system. One challenge to get educators utilizing the forest as a learning environment was a space for groups, and outdoor learning tools. Our new pavilion and shed will now provide this need. Finally, to enrich students experiences to the outdoors, our new bridge will not only provide greater access, it will give opportunities for stream and water study.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

All approved projects were completed on budget and on time. Pictures have been shared. The school paper and one of the local newspapers, the Hometown Focus have printed stories sharing the progress of our project. a news report with the Mesabi Tribune is in the works and will be shared when printed.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

This project created 3.1 miles of safe access to the natural and scenic environment and an easy way to introduce activity to every age and ability. Using the road right-of-way reduced environmental impact. Additionally, environmentally friendly alternative transportation, such as e-bikes, use it to access local attractions and businesses.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

The Gull Lake Trail is a nearly complete 21-mile route along a picturesque county road that is heavily traveled by residents, tourists, and vacationers. Fairview Township lies in the middle of the route where the last section of 3.7 miles was yet to be completed. This section is the “missing link” to making the project fully functional. The Gull Lake Trail is a connecting link to the Paul Bunyan State Trail, Minnesota’s 120-mile paved multi-recreational trail, and many other local and regional recreational opportunities. Without the completion of this 3.7-mile "missing link", the trail would not serve its greater recreational purpose for the area, region or state.

Fairview Township proposed to continue the trail construction that was partially funded by the LCCMR in 2022. Due to a funding shortfall, 3.1 miles were constructed instead of 3.7 miles, as originally intended.

There was also an opportunity to increase safe recreation options. Completing this trail around Gull Lake provides residents, visitors, and guests at the many resorts along this route a safe place to bike, walk, run or push baby strollers. County Road 77 has narrow shoulders and cars often surpass the 55 MPH speed limit making access to active, healthy lifestyle choices difficult.

It has still achieved the following outcomes: Expanded outdoor recreational opportunities, reduced environmental impact by using the existing road right-of-way, and provides safe access to the natural and scenic environment.

The overall significance of completing this portion of the Gull Lake Trail cannot be overstated. Fairview Township, along with the other cities constructing segments of the trail, East Gull Lake, Lake Shore and Nisswa, have been working on this project since 2010. Every mile is a substantial achievement toward creating a significant recreational amenity for both residents and visitors to our area.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

Fairview Township has project information, updates, and funding sources available on its website and Facebook page, along with information about recreational opportunities and businesses along the Gull Lake Trail, trail maps, and links to adjacent trails. Local resorts are also promoting the trail in their advertising.

The ENRTF, DNR grant programs, GMRPTC and individual donors will be recognized on a wall of commemorative tiles at the town hall.

The Brainerd Dispatch will also be writing an article acknowledging the agencies who have financed this trail through their grant programs. An initial article appeared on January 28, 2023.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

The Floodwood Campground improvements and new floating fishing pier enhance sustainable outdoor recreation, reduce shoreline erosion, and improve public access to the St. Louis River. These upgrades protect water quality, preserve natural habitat, and promote conservation stewardship by connecting residents and visitors with Minnesota’s diverse fish, wildlife, and natural resources.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

The Floodwood Campground Renovation Project improved public access to the St. Louis River while protecting the surrounding natural environment. The project replaced aging infrastructure, added water connections to each site, renovated the shower house, upgraded campsites with modern utilities, upgraded pads for campers and vehicles, widened access roads to reduce runoff, and installed a floating fishing pier that protects shoreline vegetation and prevents erosion.

These improvements enhance water quality, preserve riverbank habitats, and create safe, sustainable recreation opportunities for residents and visitors. By directing foot traffic to defined access points, the project minimizes habitat disturbance and supports healthier fish and wildlife populations.

The project strengthens Floodwood’s role as a regional gateway to the St. Louis River, encouraging outdoor recreation and environmental stewardship. Its design and management practices align with Minnesota’s goals to conserve natural resources while promoting responsible public use.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

Project outcomes have been shared through city newsletters, social media, the City of Floodwood website, and local news coverage highlighting the campground renovations and new floating fishing pier. Interpretive signage featuring the ENRTF logo was installed onsite to educate visitors about funding sources. Project updates and photos were presented at City Council meetings and shared with regional partners, including the DNR, LCCMR, and community organizations.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

The DNR’s Aggregate Resource Mapping Program completed mapping for Yellow Medicine County, advanced work in St. Louis County, and initiated Lyon and Murray Counties, producing high-quality maps and GIS datasets that guide local land-use decisions, support sustainable infrastructure, and reduce costs and carbon impacts for Minnesota communities.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources' Aggregate Resource Mapping Program (ARMP) is directed by the legislature (MN Statute 84.94) to provide local governments with accurate, accessible information on the location, quality, and extent of aggregate resources. This information is essential for supporting environmental stewardship as it pertains to local land use planning and infrastructure development.

During this project period, the DNR completed aggregate resource mapping for Yellow Medicine County. The DNR produced comprehensive maps and GIS datasets that identify sand, gravel, and crushed stone potential at a 1:50,000 scale. Datasets include field observations, aggregate potential assessments, and an inventory of active and historic gravel pits, which include reclamation status. Substantial progress on mapping efforts in southern St. Louis County, an area roughly equivalent to three average-sized Minnesota counties, has also been made. The DNR also initiated mapping in Lyon and Murray Counties. These efforts together represent significant progress toward reducing the statewide backlog of counties awaiting mapping.

The published GIS datasets and maps provide a foundation for environmentally informed decision-making. By integrating aggregate data with other natural resource layers, such as groundwater, wetlands, surface waters, and sensitive habitat, counties can evaluate potential land use trade-offs and guide development in a way that sustains both economic and ecological resilience. These tools enable planners to identify areas where extraction can occur with minimal environmental impact, ensure reclamation supports habitat restoration, and coordinate long-term land use with conservation goals.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

Each aggregate map is distributed in multiple formats—PDF, printed maps, GIS data files, and interactive web maps—available through the DNR website and Minnesota Geospatial Commons. Completed counties have dedicated webpages linking all formats. Dissemination includes county board presentations, meetings with county staff, and free public access to maps. At these meetings, which occurred in July and September, the products are described, access to the products is explained, and examples of applications of the products to common resource management situations are demonstrated.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

The basis of this report was to determine if the actions and remedies applied by the MPCA to four contaminated sites in Alexandria, Blaine, Foley and Paynesville were adequate to address the issues and give further recommendations if needed.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

1. Alexandria:
• Contamination (benzene and 1,2-DCA) was detected in water supply.
• The source of contamination has never been identified. Many potential sources of contamination exist within the DWSMA.
• There are ongoing MPCA investigations into other contaminants, but none related to leaded gasoline contamination.
• EDB sampling with low-level methods is recommended.
2. Blaine:
• 1,2-DCA contamination was first detected in supply wells in the Southwest DWMA in 1993.
• Contaminated supply wells were shut down in 1995 but restarted in 2006 after an air stripper was installed.
• Incoming 1,2-DCA in the supply wells has greatly decreased but is still above the MN HRL prior to treatment.
• The MPCA originally did not identify a source of the contamination, but later found the likely source after additional investigation.
• There are no ongoing MPCA investigations or additional remedial actions planned.
• EDB sampling with low-level methods is recommended, along with continued operation of the air stripper.
3. Foley:
• Petroleum-related contamination was detected in Foley’s water supply and the likely source has been identified.
• Supply wells with contamination have been taken out of service.
• There are no ongoing detections, investigations or monitoring, outside of routine MDH sampling of the water supply.
• EDB sampling with low-level methods is recommended.
4. Paynesville:
• Petroleum-related contamination was detected in water supply between 1985 and 2003.
• Contaminated supply wells have been taken out of service.
• Some active source removal efforts have been unsuccessful. Regulatory efforts are focused on source control and monitoring natural attenuation.
• Recent detections of contaminants are below applicable HRLs.
• An air stripper is installed at the water treatment plant.
• Recommendations include continued monitoring, additional sampling for EDB using low-level methods, and clearly documenting the actions related to sentinel monitoring well sampling.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

The report has been sent to the House Environment and Natural Resources Finance and Policy, the Senate Environment, Climate, and Legacy Committee and the Legislative Reference Library.

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

This appropriation was used to support the ENRTF contract management program, which ensured that ENRTF grantees expended grant funds in compliance with state law, session law, approved work plans, and Office of Grants Management grants policies.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

This appropriation was used to support the ENRTF contract management program, which ensured that ENRTF grantees expended grant funds in compliance with state law, session law, approved work plans, and Office of Grants Management grants policies.

The DNR Grants Unit managed 72 grants active in FY 2021. In FY 2022, the Grants Unit managed 116 active grants.

Between July 1, 2022 and June 30 2024, the DNR Grants Unit:

• Made 559 reimbursements to grantees totaling $44.4 million dollars.
• Monitored all grants in compliance with Office of Grants Management policies.

                                                                                                                                          

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

Project personnel were in frequent contact with appropriation recipients and LCCMR staff. Information was disseminated through manuals, training sessions, orientations, meetings, memos, letters, emails, newsletter, and phone.                                    

Sub-Projects M.L. 2022, Subd. 20b:

• 01: Emerging Issue: CWD Prions in Minnesota Waters (ID: 2022-307) - $164,000

SOUND BITE OF PROJECT OUTCOMES AND RESULTS

This appropriation was used to support the ENRTF contract management program, which ensured that ENRTF grantees expended grant funds in compliance with state law, session law, approved work plans, and Office of Grants Management grants policies.

OVERALL PROJECT OUTCOME AND RESULTS

This appropriation was used to support the ENRTF contract management program, which ensured that ENRTF grantees expended grant funds in compliance with state law, session law, approved work plans, and Office of Grants Management grants policies.

The DNR Grants Unit managed 72 grants active in FY 2021. In FY 2022, the Grants Unit managed 116 active grants.

Between July 1, 2022 and June 30 2024, the DNR Grants Unit:
- Made 559 reimbursements to grantees totaling $44.4 million dollars.
- Monitored all grants in compliance with Office of Grants Management policies.

PROJECT RESULTS USE AND DISSEMINATION

Project personnel were in frequent contact with appropriation recipients and LCCMR staff. Information was disseminated through manuals, training sessions, orientations, meetings, memos, letters, emails, newsletter, and phone.